Ceasefire Violations along LoC: India-Pakistan Conflict

Ceasefire Violations along LoC: India-Pakistan Conflict

Why in the News ?

Pakistan has violated the ceasefire along the Line of Control (LoC) for over a week, prompting a proportionate Indian response. This is the most significant breakdown of the ceasefire since 2021.

Evolution of the LoC Ceasefire:

• The India-Pakistan ceasefire began after the 1971 war with the Karachi Agreement (1949), redefined as the Line of Control (LoC) post Simla Agreement (1972).
• The LoC is not an internationally recognized border but serves as a military holding line.
• Over time, the LoC has become prone to violations, especially with the rise of cross-border firing and terrorist infiltration since 1989.

Nature of Ceasefire Violations

• Ceasefire violations increase during times of crisis, including small arms fire and artillery shelling.
• Factors like local military dynamics, testing resolve, and moral ascendancy contribute to such violations.
• Autonomous military actions occur independently of political developments, testing military units or establishing dominance.

Current Crisis and Response

• Pakistan’s violations began after the terrorist attack in Pahalgam, India, leading to Indian military retaliation.
• Both countries have hotlines for communication and flag meetings to manage tensions, but violations persist due to local commander actions and military pressures.
• The ceasefire understanding serves as a buffer, although cross-border firing remains a strategic tool for both sides, increasing risks of escalation.