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SYLLABUS: GS 2: Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure. Focus: In a landmark verdict to protect the interests of landowners against acquisition of their property by the government, the Supreme Court of India ruled that all acquisitions would have to pass the test of Article 300A. Source: Legal service India …
Read MoreIntroduction Political parties are organized groups of people who share similar political views and work to achieve those goals through elections. They play a vital role in democracies by providing voters with choices, mobilizing support for candidates and policies, and holding governments accountable. Political parties typically have a set of core principles or beliefs that …
Read MoreIntroduction The Representation of the People Act, 1951 is a seminal piece of legislation in India that serves as the cornerstone of the country’s electoral system. This act was enacted to regulate and govern various aspects of the electoral process in India, including the conduct of elections, the qualifications and disqualifications of candidates, the delimitation …
Read MoreIntroduction Elections are fundamental to democracy, and political parties with diverse ideologies are essential to its vitality. However, party defections remain a concern, leading to the introduction of the anti-defection law (Tenth Schedule) to protect democratic principles. While it has reduced individual defections, mass defections persist, raising concerns about its impact on legislators’ independence and …
Read MoreIntroduction A cooperative is a self-reliant, democratically governed business or organization where people voluntarily come together to meet common economic, social, and cultural needs. It’s based on principles like equality, equity, and solidarity. Gandhi saw cooperation as a way to empower people and decentralize power. Cooperative members value honesty, openness, social responsibility, and care for …
Read MoreBackground The history of Lokpal and Lokayukta in India is rooted in the global concept of ombudsman institutions. The idea of an ombudsman can be traced back to Sweden in 1809, and it gained prominence after World War II. In India, the concept of a constitutional Ombudsman was first proposed by Ashok Kumar Sen, the …
Read MoreIntroduction The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is the premier investigating police agency in India. It is a multi-faceted and multi-disciplinary agency with a mandate to investigate cases of corruption, economic offenses, and other serious crimes. The CBI also provides leadership and direction in fighting corruption to the police force across the country. The Santhanam …
Read MoreIntroduction The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) is India’s top independent vigilance body, overseeing all government anti-corruption efforts and providing guidance to agencies on how to improve their vigilance work. The Government founded the CVC in February 1964, following the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, led by Shri K. Santhanam. In 2003, Parliament …
Read MoreState Information Commission (SIC): Members and Appointment The Right to Information Act of 2005 (RTI Act) mandates the establishment of a State Information Commission (SIC) in each state. All states have constituted SICs through official notifications in their gazettes. The SIC is a high-powered independent body that adjudicate on complaints and appeals related to information …
Read MoreIntroduction Central Information Commission (CIC) is a statutory body. It Established under the Right to Information Act, 2005 (RTI Act) to ensure the implementation of the Act and to promote transparency and accountability in the working of the government. The CIC has jurisdiction over all Central Public Authorities (CPAs), which are defined under the RTI …
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