Revitalizing BIMSTEC: Enhancing Regional Integration in Bay of Bengal
Syllabus:
GS-2:
Important International Institutions , Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India’s Interests , Regional Groupings , India and its Neighbourhood
Focus:
The recent BIMSTEC Summit highlighted India’s strategic focus on strengthening regional cooperation in the Bay of Bengal. The summit’s vision document and initiatives on maritime connectivity mark a significant step toward deeper economic integration and regional stability amidst geopolitical shifts in South and Southeast Asia.
Background of BIMSTEC:
- The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) was established in 1997.
- It comprises seven member states: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, aiming to foster cooperation across multiple sectors.
- BIMSTEC bridges South and Southeast Asia, focusing on economic and technical collaboration.
Recent Developments and Challenges
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi attended the BIMSTEC summit, highlighting India’s commitment to strengthening regional cooperation.
- The summit’s focus includes a vision document for BIMSTEC’s future and new initiatives on maritime connectivity.
- India’s diplomatic efforts are also directed toward relief and rehabilitation in Myanmar, recently struck by an earthquake.
BIMSTEC vs. SAARC: A Comparison and Shift in Focus
SAARC’s Decline and BIMSTEC’s Emergence
- BIMSTEC gained prominence after SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) became inactive due to geopolitical issues, especially the India-Pakistan rivalry.
- Pakistan’s reluctance to cooperate on regional integration has stalled SAARC, making BIMSTEC a viable alternative.
Perception as an Alternative to SAARC
- Despite its potential, BIMSTEC has often been seen as a substitute for SAARC rather than a unique entity.
- The Indian government’s increased focus on BIMSTEC post-2014 was seen as a reaction to SAARC’s failure.
- BIMSTEC’s strength lies in the absence of a member state with a veto power, unlike SAARC where Pakistan’s stance often hinders progress.
Geopolitical Dynamics in the Bay of Bengal:
Historical and Strategic Significance
- The Bay of Bengal has long been a strategic region, historically unified by the British Raj, which projected power across Southeast Asia.
- The decline of British dominance and the rise of Japan in the early 20th century reshaped the geopolitical landscape.
- Post-World War II, great power competition shifted focus to the Pacific, marginalizing the Bay of Bengal.
The Return of Great Power Rivalry
- China’s growing maritime presence and expanding naval capabilities are redefining power dynamics in the region.
- India’s Act East Policy and the US-China rivalry have revitalized interest in the Bay of Bengal.
- BIMSTEC, with its strategic location, is crucial for India’s Indo-Pacific strategy.
Understanding Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC):
Evolution of Regional Integration: ● Historical Significance: ○ The Bay of Bengal region was historically highly integrated until the early 20th century. ○ Post-1940s, regional connectivity declined due to independence movements and divergent national interests. ● Purpose of BIMSTEC: ○ Formed to revive regional connectivity and shared interests among member states. ○ Sumith Nakandala, BIMSTEC’s first Secretary-General, described it as a platform for rediscovering common heritage. Organizational Structure of BIMSTEC: ● Distinct Approach: ○ Unlike SAARC or ASEAN, BIMSTEC adopts a sector-driven approach with responsibilities shared among members. ● Restructuring in 2022: ○ At the Colombo Virtual Summit on March 30, 2022, BIMSTEC streamlined 14 sectors of cooperation to 7 priority sectors: ■ Trade, Investment, and Development – Bangladesh ■ Environment and Climate Change – Bhutan ■ Security and Energy – India ■ Agriculture and Food Security – Myanmar ■ People-to-People Contact – Nepal ■ Science, Technology, and Innovation – Sri Lanka ■ Connectivity – Thailand BIMSTEC’s unique sectoral approach and focus on shared heritage position it as a key regional grouping, aiming for economic integration and development in the Bay of Bengal region. |
Overcoming Challenges for Regional Cooperation:
Structural Constraints and Political Tensions
- Despite its potential, BIMSTEC faces internal challenges such as trust deficits, unresolved disputes, and political instability.
- Bangladesh-Myanmar border tensions and India-Bangladesh disagreements are major obstacles.
- Myanmar’s internal conflict and weakened territorial control undermine its role as a land bridge between South and Southeast Asia.
Lack of Economic Integration and Unilateralism
- Regional integration remains limited, with BIMSTEC yet to achieve the economic cohesion of ASEAN.
- Bilateral engagements have often proven more effective than multilateral frameworks.
- Thailand’s unilateral decision to offer visa-free entry to Indian travelers showcases the benefits of independent policy measures.
The Way Forward: Revitalizing BIMSTEC for Regional Prosperity
Strengthening Regional Cooperation
- India must focus on institutional strengthening and deepening economic integration within BIMSTEC.
- This involves enhancing connectivity, trade, and economic partnerships across the region.
- The ongoing disruption in the global economic order demands resilient regional cooperation.
Leveraging Unilateral and Bilateral Measures
- India should explore independent initiatives to strengthen ties with BIMSTEC members.
- Bilateral engagements, such as Prime Minister Modi’s interactions with Thailand and Sri Lanka, are crucial.
- Tailored policies like visa facilitation and trade incentives can drive cooperation.
Enhancing Maritime Security and Connectivity
- Developing the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as a regional economic and maritime hub is essential.
- Upgrading port infrastructure, modernizing maritime regulations, and streamlining maritime trade are vital.
- India’s proactive maritime initiatives can enhance the region’s connectivity and security.
Building Trust and Resolving Conflicts
- India must engage diplomatically to resolve disputes and foster mutual trust.
- Encouraging constructive dialogue and cooperation among member states will strengthen BIMSTEC.
- Addressing Myanmar’s internal issues and supporting democratic processes will be critical.
Conclusion:
- BIMSTEC represents a unique opportunity for regional integration in the Bay of Bengal, bridging South and Southeast Asia.
- India’s leadership, proactive policies, and strategic initiatives can unlock the region’s potential.
- While challenges persist, a pragmatic, multi-pronged approach can drive BIMSTEC towards meaningful regional cooperation.
- The vision of a prosperous, interconnected Bay of Bengal can be realized through commitment, collaboration, and strategic foresight.
Source: IE
Mains Practice Question :
Examine the significance of BIMSTEC in enhancing regional cooperation and economic integration in the Bay of Bengal region. Discuss the challenges it faces and suggest measures to strengthen its effectiveness.