The Bhoodan and Gramdan
Movement
- Vinoba Bhave, a Mahatma Gandhi disciple, became aware of the issues experienced by landless harijans in Pochampalli, Telangana.
- He led the forces that attempted to bring about a “non-violent revolution” in India’s land reform program.
- The activities were about pushing the landed classes to willingly relinquish a portion of their land to the landless, hence the term Bhoodan Movement and it started in 1951.
- In response to Vinoba Bhave’s call, several landowners consented to make a voluntary transfer of some of their land.
- Vinoba Bhave received the essential help from both the central and state governments.
- Later, the Bhoodan gave way to the Gramdan movement, which began in 1952.
- The Gramdan movement sought to persuade landowners and leaseholders in each village to give up their land rights, with all lands being the property of a local association for egalitarian redistribution and shared cultivation.
- Under this movement, a village was declared Gramdan when at least 75% of its citizens, representing 51% of the land, signed a written permission for Gramdan.
- Gramdan’s original village was Magroth in Haripur, Uttar Pradesh.
Models of Public-Private
Partnership
- Commonly used PPP models include Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT), Build-Own-Operate (BOO), Build-Operate-Lease-Transfer (BOLT), Design-Build-Operate-Transfer (DBFOT), Lease-Develop-Operate (LDO), Operate-Maintain-Transfer (OMT), and so on.
- These models differ in terms of investment amount, ownership control, risk sharing, technical collaboration, length, and finance.
BOT:
- This is a traditional PPP model in which the private partner is responsible for designing, building, operating (during the contracted period), and returning the facility to the public sector.
- The private sector partner must provide financial support for the project as well as bear responsibility for its construction and maintenance.
- The public sector will allow its commercial sector partners to collect revenue from users. The national highway projects contracted out by NHAI under PPP mode are a prime illustration of the BOT concept.
- BOO: Under this concept, the private party will own the newly developed facility.
- On mutually agreed terms and circumstances, the public sector partner agrees to ‘buy’ the project’s goods and services.
- BOOT: In this type of BOT, after the specified amount of time, the project is transferred to the government or a private operator. The BOOT concept is used to develop highways and ports.
- BOLT: In this technique, the government grants a concession to a private business to build (and maybe design) a facility, owns it, leases it to the public sector, and then transfers ownership to the government at the conclusion of the lease period.
- DBFO: Under this model, the private party is entirely responsible for the project’s design, construction, funding, and operation during the concession period.
- LDO: In this sort of investment model, either the government or a public sector body retains ownership of the newly constructed infrastructure facility while receiving payments under a lease agreement with the private promoter. It is often used in the creation of airport amenities.
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