Indian Cities: Jobs Rise Amid Climate Challenges

Indian Cities Face Job Growth and Climate-Related Threats

Why in the News?

A World Bank report projects that by 2030, Indian cities will create 70% of new jobs but risk losing $5 billion annually to pluvial floods unless climate-resilient infrastructure and governance reforms are implemented. This highlights the urgent need for sustainable urban development in the face of increasing climate-related threats.

Indian Cities: Jobs Rise Amid Climate Challenges

Key Findings on Urban Growth and Climate Risks

  • By 2050, India’s urban population will nearly double to 951 million, marking one of the fastest urban transformations in history.
  • Cities will generate 70% of all new employment by 2030, driving economic growth in a rapidly urbanizing landscape.
  • Urban areas face increasing threats of flooding and extreme heat due to climate change and unplanned urban expansion.
  • Exposure to extreme heat stress rose by 71% between 1983–2016, worsened by the urban heat island effect and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events.
  • Heat-related deaths could double to over 3 lakh annually by 2050 without mitigation measures, with many cities facing dangerously hot conditions.

Recommendations for Climate Resilience and Investment

  • Indian cities need $2.4 trillion by 2050 to build climate-resilient infrastructure and implement low-carbon infrastructure solutions.
  • Annual losses from pluvial flooding could reach $5 billion by 2030 and $30 billion by 2070 without action, emphasizing the need for flood mitigation measures and improved stormwater absorption capacity.
  • Suggested interventions include enhancing private sector engagement, creating financing roadmaps, and improving municipal capacities for climate-smart city planning.
  • Adaptation strategies like urban greening, early warning systems, and cool roofs could save 1.3 lakh lives by reducing heat stress conditions.
  • Empowering cities with financial and administrative autonomy is crucial for effective climate mitigation and adaptation, including the development of risk-sensitive land use planning.

About the 74th Constitutional Amendment and Urban Governance:
● The 74th Amendment Act, 1992, granted constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), aimed at strengthening local self-governance.
● Despite its enactment, many states have not fully implemented its provisions, limiting city-level autonomy.
● The report says that cities with greater autonomy perform better in managing climate risks and mobilising resources for resilient urban development.
● Flexibility in implementation is encouraged, considering local conditions and governance structures.
● Full or partial adoption of the 74th Amendment is seen as a key factor in enabling cities to invest effectively in climate adaptation and conduct thorough risk assessments.