Hydrogen for Clean Energy

Hydrogen for Clean Energy

Why in the News ?

India’s preliminary assessment of natural hydrogen reserves, including findings in the Andaman Islands, has sparked interest in tapping these resources to meet growing hydrogen demand and achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, reducing dependence on hydrogen manufacturing.

Hydrogen for Clean Energy

India’s Natural Hydrogen Potential:

  • India’s hydrogen demand is projected to rise from 6 Mt/year (2020) to 50 Mt/year by 2070.
  • A preliminary study estimates India may have 3,475 million tonnes of natural hydrogen.
  • If tapped, this resource could eliminate the need for costly hydrogen production and accelerate decarbonisation.
  • Recent discovery in the Andamans calls for targeted geological surveys.
  • Key assessment factors include rock quality, reservoir accessibility, seals, and accumulation viability.

Key Challenges in Hydrogen Exploration

  • Unlike oil and gas, exploration techniques for natural hydrogen are still nascent.
  • Extraction technology must adapt to hydrogen’s high diffusivity and small molecular size.
  • Safety concerns are significant due to hydrogen’s reactivity—mitigation includes resistant coatings, additives, and durable materials.
  • Cost-effectiveness will depend on finding large reserves and reducing infrastructure costs.

Policy and Technological Roadmap

  • India can replicate the SRRA model used for solar mapping to assess hydrogen sites.
  • The S. ARPA-E is exploring techniques to generate hydrogen in-situ using iron-rich rocks and CO₂ injection.
  • India’s oil and gas industry, under DGH, can lead exploration with grants and loans.
  • Modified pipelines and underground storage are key to a viable hydrogen ecosystem.
  • Clear regulations and public-private partnerships are essential to attract investment.

What is Natural Hydrogen?

●Definition: Naturally occurring molecular hydrogen (H₂) formed via geological processes like serpentinisation and radiolysis.
●Clean Energy: Burns to produce only water vapor—zero CO₂ emissions.
● Low Cost: Estimated at $1/kg, cheaper than green hydrogen.
●Sustainable: Replenishes naturally in geological formations.
●Efficient: Hydrogen fuel cells are 3x more efficient than gasoline.
● Occurrence: Found in ophiolite belts, hydrothermal systems, and deep rock layers.
●  Extraction Steps:
○Explore with geophysical/geochemical tools.
○Drill into hydrogen-rich zones.
○Capture, purify & compress hydrogen.
○Distribute to users via pipelines or tanks.