Type 5 Diabetes: Malnutrition-Linked Form Gains Recognition

Why in the News ?

The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) officially recognised Type 5 Diabetes — a malnutrition-induced, insulin-deficiency disorder — as a distinct form at the 75th World Congress on Diabetes. It mainly affects lean, undernourished young adults in low- and middle-income countries.

Type 5 Diabetes: Malnutrition-Linked Form Gains Recognition

What is Type 5 Diabetes?

  • Type 5 Diabetes primarily affects lean and malnourished young adults in low- and middle-income countries.
  • Unlike Type 2 diabetes (insulin resistance), Type 5 is caused by poor insulin production due to underdeveloped pancreatic beta cells.
  • First identified as ‘J-type diabetes’ in Jamaica (1955), later classified by WHO (1985) as “malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus” but removed in 1999.
  • Widely reported in the Global South — including India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Rwanda — affecting around 25 million people

Why is this Recognition Significant?

  • Officially recognised by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) at the 75th World Congress on April 7, 2024.
  • Term ‘Type 5 Diabetes’ introduced by Peter Schwarz, President of IDF, in January 2024.
  • New research confirms the link between malnutrition and pancreatic underdevelopment, especially during fetal and early life stages.

Causes, Markers, and Treatment Approach for Type 5 Diabetes :

●      Cause: Malnutrition, beginning in the mother’s womb, affecting pancreatic growth and insulin function.

●      Markers:

○       BMI < 18.5 kg/m²

○       Reduced body fat

○       Severely low insulin secretion (below Type 2 diabetes levels).

●      Treatment:

○       High-protein diet, balanced carbohydrates and fats based on BMI and activity level.

○       Use of anti-diabetic drugs or insulin depends on glucose levels and individual response.

○       Global diagnostic guidelines are under development.