Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Rare Disorder with Severe Implications

Why in the news?

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) has gained attention due to its rapid progression from muscle weakness to paralysis. The disorder often follows an infection, making early diagnosis and treatment essential for recovery. GBS impacts public health awareness.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Rare Disorder with Severe Implications

About Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS):

  • Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurological disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves.
  • This attack causes muscle weakness, which, in severe cases, can lead to paralysis.
  • GBS typically starts with tingling sensations and weakness in the legs, which can progress to the upper body and arms.
  • The disorder can worsen rapidly, with possible life-threatening complications such as respiratory failure.

Causes and Symptoms

  • The exact cause of GBS is unknown, but it is often triggered by an infection.
  • Infections that precede GBS include respiratory illnesses or gastrointestinal infections.
  • Symptoms of GBS include:
    • Tingling or weakness in the legs.
    • Progressive muscle weakness that may spread to the arms and upper body.
    • In severe cases, paralysis and respiratory failure can occur due to the weakening of the respiratory muscles.
    • Loss of reflexes and uncontrolled movements may also be present.

Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis

  • Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment, as prompt intervention can reduce the severity of the condition.
  • Medical treatment usually involves plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) or immunoglobulin therapy, both of which help to reduce immune system activity.
  • In most cases, people with GBS recover fully, though recovery can take several months, with some individuals experiencing residual weakness or fatigue.
  • Supportive care is essential, especially if complications like respiratory failure develop.
  • Physical therapy is often required for recovery, helping individuals regain muscle strength and coordination.

Sources Referred:

PIB, The Hindu, Indian Express, Hindustan Times